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1 on the eighth of April
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2 April
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3 Twenty-eighth of May
During the Estado Novo (1926-74), 28 May was an important national holiday celebrated by the regime as marking the day of the 1926 military coup led by General Gomes da Costa, which overthrew the first parliamentary republic. During that 48-year period, the regime employed this celebration as a means to impress the citizenry with its armed strength and support, show solidarity among regime stalwarts, and unify regime ranks. Traditionally, the regime organized a military parade in Lisbon on the major Avenida de Liberdade, from Praça Pombal to Praça Rossio. In regime propaganda, 28 May symbolized the beginning of the so-called "National Revolution" of the conservative, nationalist, corporatist authoritarian system led by Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar and later by Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, until it was overthrown in 1974.See also Revolution of 25 april 1974; Twenty-fifth of April. -
4 Captains, Movement of the
An informal name for the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), the organization of career military officers that organized the overthrow of the Estado Novo in the Revolution of 25 April 1974. A significant portion of the army officers of the MFA were captains who had fought in Portugal's African colonial wars in the 1960s and 1970s. Some historians noted parallels between the Captains' Movement of 1973-74 and the movement of "Young Lieutenants" of 28 May 1926, which bloodlessly overthrew the first parliamentary republic (1910-26).Historical dictionary of Portugal > Captains, Movement of the
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5 of
əv1) (belonging to: a friend of mine.) de2) (away from (a place etc); after (a given time): within five miles of London; within a year of his death.) de3) (written etc by: the plays of Shakespeare.) de4) (belonging to or forming a group: He is one of my friends.) de5) (showing: a picture of my father.) de6) (made from; consisting of: a dress of silk; a collection of pictures.) de7) (used to show an amount, measurement of something: a gallon of petrol; five bags of coal.) de8) (about: an account of his work.) de9) (containing: a box of chocolates.) de10) (used to show a cause: She died of hunger.) de11) (used to show a loss or removal: She was robbed of her jewels.) de12) (used to show the connection between an action and its object: the smoking of a cigarette.) de13) (used to show character, qualities etc: a man of courage.) de14) ((American) (of time) a certain number of minutes before (the hour): It's ten minutes of three.) menosof prep1. de2.oftr[ɒv, ʊnstressed əv]1 (belonging to) de2 (made from) de3 (containing) de4 (showing a part, a quantity) de5 (partitive use) de6 (dates, distance) de7 (apposition) de8 (by) de9 (originating from, living in) de10 (depicting) de11 (cause) de12 (connected with) de13 (with, having) de14 (description) de15 (after superlative) deof ['ʌv, 'ɑv] prep1) from: dea man of the city: un hombre de la ciudada woman of great ability: una mujer de gran capacidadhe died of the flu: murió de la gripe4) by: dethe works of Shakespeare: las obras de Shakespeare5) (indicating contents, material, or quantity) : dea house of wood: una casa de maderaa glass of water: un vaso de aguathe front of the house: el frente de la casa7) about: sobre, detales of the West: los cuentos del Oestethe city of Caracas: la ciudad de Caracas9) for: por, alove of country: amor por la patriafive minutes of ten: las diez menos cincothe eighth of April: el ocho de abrilofprep.• de prep.• menos prep.ɑːv, ɒv, weak form əv1) (indicating relationship, material, content) deit's made of wood — es de madera, está hecho de madera
a colleague of mine/his — un colega mío/suyo
2) ( descriptive use)3)a) ( partitive use)b) ( with superl) de4)a) ( indicating date) deb) ( indicating time)it's ten (minutes) of five — (AmE) son las cinco menos diez, son diez para las cinco (AmL exc RPl)
it's a quarter of five — (AmE) son las cinco menos cuarto, son un cuarto para las cinco (AmL exc RPl)
Jane, his wife of six months... — Jane, con la que lleva/llevaba casado seis meses...
5) ( on the part of)6) ( inherent in)the senselessness of it all, that's what depresses me — es lo absurdo de todo el asunto lo que me deprime
7) ( indicating cause)what did he die of? — ¿de qué murió?
[ɒv, ǝv]PREP1) (indicating possession) deit's no business of yours — aquí no te metas, no tienes que ver con esto
2) (objective genitive) a, hacia3) (partitive etc) dehow much of this do you need? — ¿cuánto necesitas de eso?
of the 12, two were bad — de los 12, dos estaban pasados
most of all — sobre todo, más que nada
4) (indicating cause) por, de5) (agent)6) (indicating material) demade of steel/paper — hecho de acero/papel
7) (descriptive) dea tragedy of her own making — una tragedia que ella misma había labrado, una tragedia de su propia cosecha
8) (=concerning) dewhat do you think of him? — ¿qué piensas de él?
what of it? — ¿y a ti qué (te) importa?, ¿y qué?
9) (indicating deprivation, riddance)it's a quarter of six — (US) son las seis menos cuarto, falta un cuarto para las seis (LAm)
he died of a Friday — frm murió un viernes
to judge of sth — juzgar algo, opinar sobre algo
he was robbed of his watch — le robaron el reloj, se le robó el reloj
* * *[ɑːv, ɒv], weak form [əv]1) (indicating relationship, material, content) deit's made of wood — es de madera, está hecho de madera
a colleague of mine/his — un colega mío/suyo
2) ( descriptive use)3)a) ( partitive use)b) ( with superl) de4)a) ( indicating date) deb) ( indicating time)it's ten (minutes) of five — (AmE) son las cinco menos diez, son diez para las cinco (AmL exc RPl)
it's a quarter of five — (AmE) son las cinco menos cuarto, son un cuarto para las cinco (AmL exc RPl)
Jane, his wife of six months... — Jane, con la que lleva/llevaba casado seis meses...
5) ( on the part of)6) ( inherent in)the senselessness of it all, that's what depresses me — es lo absurdo de todo el asunto lo que me deprime
7) ( indicating cause)what did he die of? — ¿de qué murió?
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6 sixteenth
1. adjectivesechzehnt...; see also academic.ru/23567/eighth">eighth 1.2. noun(fraction) Sechzehntel, das; see also eighth 2.* * *1) (one of sixteen equal parts.) das Sechzehntel2) (( also adjective) (the) last of sixteen (people, things etc); (the) next after the fifteenth.) der/die/das Sechzehnte, sechzehnt* * *six·teenth[ˌsɪkˈsti:nθ]I. adj sechzehnte(r, s)II. pron▪ the \sixteenth... der/die/das sechzehnte...the \sixteenth of April der sechzehnte Aprilthey finished \sixteenth out of a hundred sie wurden Sechzehnter von hundert* * *['sɪks'tiːnɵ]1. adjsechzehnte(r, s)a sixteenth note ( esp US Mus ) — eine Sechzehntelnote, ein Sechzehntel nt
2. n2)(= date)
the sixteenth — der Sechzehnte* * *sixteenth [ˌsıksˈtiːnθ; ˈsıkst-]A adj1. sechzehnt(er, e, es)2. sechzehntelB s2. Sechzehntel n* * *1. adjectivesechzehnt...; see also eighth 1.2. noun* * *adj.sechzehnt adj.sechzehnter adj. n.der Sechzehnte m. -
7 Lisbon
Lisboa in Portuguese, is the capital of Portugal and capital of the Lisbon district. The city population is just over half a million; greater Lisbon area contains at least 2.5 million. Located on the north bank of one of the greatest harbors in Europe, formed from the estuary of the Tagus River, which flows into the Atlantic, Lisbon has a long and illustrious history. A site of Phoenician and Greek trading communities, Lisbon became an important Roman city. Its name, Lisboa, in Portuguese and Spanish, is a corruption of its Roman name, Felicitas Julia. The city experienced various waves of invaders. Muslims seized it from the Visigoths in the eighth century, and after a long siege Muslim Lisbon fell to the Portuguese Christian forces of King Afonso Henriques in 1147.Lisbon, built on a number of hills, saw most of its major palaces and churches constructed between the 14th and 18th centuries. In the 16th century, the city became the Aviz dynasty's main capital and seat, and a royal palace was built in the lower city along the harbor where ships brought the empire's riches from Africa, Asia, and Brazil. On 1 November 1755, a devastating earthquake wrecked a large part of the main city and destroyed the major buildings, killed or displaced scores of thousands of people, and destroyed important historical records and artifacts. The king's prime minister, the Marquis of Pombal, ordered the city rebuilt. The main lower city center, the baixa ("down town"), was reconstructed according to a master plan that laid out a square grid of streets, spacious squares, and broad avenues, upon which were erected buildings of a uniform height and design. Due to the earthquake's destruction, few buildings, with the exception of the larger cathedrals and palaces, predate 1755. The Baixa Pombalina, as this part of Lisbon is known, was the first planned city in Europe.Lisbon is more than the political capital of Portugal, the site of the central government's offices, the legislative, and executive buildings. Lisbon is the economic, social, and cultural capital of the country, as well as the major educational center that contains almost half the country's universities and secondary schools.The continuing importance of Lisbon as the country's political heart and mind, despite the justifiable resentment of its northern rival, Oporto, and the university town of Coimbra, was again illustrated in the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which began with a military coup by the Armed Forces Movement there. The Estado Novo was overthrown in a largely bloodless coup organized by career junior military officers whose main strategy was directed toward the conquest and control of the capital. Once the Armed Forces Movement had the city of Lisbon and environs under its control by the afternoon of 25 April 1974, its mastery of the remainder of the country was assured.Along with its dominance of the country's economy, politics, and government, Lisbon's cultural offerings remain impressive. The city is a treasure house that contains hundreds of historic houses and squares, churches and cathedrals, ancient palaces, and castles, some reconstructed to appear as they were before the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. There are scores of museums and libraries. Among the more outstanding museums open to the public are the Museu de Arte Antiga and the museums of the Gulbenkian Foundation. -
8 Estado Novo
The name of the Portuguese regime from 1930 until the Revolution of 25 April 1974. The term "New State" may have been influenced by an earlier regime's name for itself, República Nova or "New Republic," led by President Sidónio Pais (1917-18) during in the First Republic (1910-26). The name Estado Novo appears for the first time in 1930, during the military phase; it caught on with supporters of the regime and became official. The Estado Novo was a version of the extremely nationalistic regimes that came to power in Europe after World War I. The Portuguese version was strongly influenced by conservative Catholic social doctrines, which held that society was organically hierarchical and church and state were closely allied. The relationship of the individual to society and the state was mediated through his or her membership in natural "orders," such as the family. The conservative Catholicism of the Estado Novo emphasized discipline, obedience, dedication, and sacrifice. It was opposed to the liberal doctrines of the French Revolution (individualism, separation of church and state, democracy), as well as to the socialist doctrines of the Russian Revolution (collectivism, atheism, etc). -
9 Carmona, António Óscar de Fragoso
(1869-1951)Career army officer, one of the founders of the Estado Novo (1926-74), and the longest-serving president of the republic of that regime (1926-51). Born in Lisbon in 1869, the son of a career cavalry officer, Oscar Carmona entered the army in 1888 and became a lieutenant in 1894, in the same cavalry regiment in which his father had served. He rose rapidly, and became a general during the turbulent First Republic, briefly served as minister of war in 1923, and achieved public notoriety as prosecutor for the military in one of the famous trials of military personnel in an abortive 1925 coup. General Carmona was one of the key supporters of the 28 May 1926 military coup that overthrew the unstable republic and established the initially unstable military dictatorship (1926-33), which was the political system that founded the Estado Novo (1933-74).Carmona took power as president upon the ousting of the Twenty-eighth of May coup leader, General Gomes da Costa, and guided the military dictatorship through political and economic uncertainty until the regime settled upon empowering Antônio de Oliveira Salazar with extraordinary fiscal authority as minister of finance (April 1928). Elected in a managed election based on limited male suffrage in 1928, President Carmona served as the Dictatorship's president of the republic until his death in office in 1951 at age 81. In political creed a moderate republican not a monarchist, General (and later Marshal) Carmona played an essential role in the Dictatorship, which involved a division of labor between Dr. Salazar, who, as prime minister since July 1932 was responsible for the daily management of the government, and Carmona, who was responsible for managing civil-military relations in the system, maintaining smooth relations with Dr. Salazar, and keeping the armed forces officer corps in line and out of political intervention.Carmona's amiable personality and reputation for personal honesty, correctness, and hard work combined well with a friendly relationship with the civilian dictator Salazar. Especially in the period 1928-44, in his more vigorous years in the position, Carmona's role was vital in both the political and ceremonial aspects of his job. Car-mona's ability to balance the relationship with Salazar and the pressures and demands from a sometimes unhappy army officer corps that, following the civilianization of the regime in the early 1930s, could threaten military intervention in politics and government, was central to the operation of the regime.After 1944, however, Carmona was less effective in this role. His tiring ceremonial visits around Portugal, to the Atlantic Islands, and to the overseas empire became less frequent; younger generations of officers grew alienated from the regime; and Carmona suffered from the mental and physical ailments of old age. In the meantime, Salazar assumed the lion's share of political power and authority, all the while placing his own appointees in office. This, along with the regime's political police (PVDE or PIDE), Republican National Guard, and civil service, as well as a circle of political institutions that monopolized public office, privilege, and decision making, made Carmona's role as mediator-intermediary between the career military and the largely civilian-managed system significantly less important. Increasingly feeble and less aware of events around him, Carmona died in office in April 1951 and was replaced by Salazar's chosen appointee, General (and later Marshal) Francisco Craveiro Lopes, who was elected president of the republic in a regime-managed election.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Carmona, António Óscar de Fragoso
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10 Gomes da Costa, Manuel de Oliveira
(1863-1929)Marshal of the Portuguese Army, commander of Portugal's forces in Flanders in World War I, and leader of the military coup that overthrew the First Republic in May 1926. Trained at the Military College, Gomes da Costa rose from the rank of private to general during the period 1883-1917. His career began with important colonial service in Portuguese India and Mozambique in suppressing insurgencies in the 1890s. He served with Mousinho de Albuquerque in the Gaza campaigns (1896-97), in Mozambique, and later in Angola and São Tomé. His most notable service was in Portugal's intervention in World War I as he helped organize the first brigade and commanded the first division of Portugal's Expeditionary Corps (CEP), which entered combat on the western front in May 1917. For his role in the battle of Lys, in April 1918, when German forces badly mauled the Portuguese sector, Gomes da Costa was decorated by Portugal with the Tower and Sword medal. During the latter part of the First Republic, he was dispatched to the colonies on missions to divert him from domestic politics, since he had joined the Reformist Party (PR).As the most senior and best-known career army officer, Gomes da Costa was invited by former CEP comrades to join in military conspiracies to overthrow the democrat-dominated First Republic. On 28 May 1926, in Braga, he launched the military coup with the pronouncement "To Arms, Portugal!" The general's famous name and forceful personality gave the military movement the necessary prestige and won public opinion's confidence for the political moment. Gomes da Costa, however, was not suited for political maneuvering and administrative efficiency and, on 9 July 1926, he was dismissed as minister of war by other generals, including future president Óscar Carmona, and then exiled to the Azores. For political effect and as a consolation prize to the leader whose individual daring had helped create the abertura (opening) that allowed the coup to succeed, the military dictatorship honored Gomes da Costa, even in exile, with promotion to marshal of the army. In ill health on his return from the isolated Azores in late 1927, he died less than two years later in Lisbon. There is a statue of Gomes da Costa in a square in Braga, designed by Barata Feyo, which honors the general of the Twenty- eighth of May coup d'etat.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Gomes da Costa, Manuel de Oliveira
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11 Pronunciamento
Portuguese word for military coup d'etat, uprising, or insurrection, derived from the verb "to declare, to announce solemnly and publicly." The Spanish word is similar ( pro-nunciamiento). Praetorianism or military insurrectionism became a chronic problem, as well as a political tradition, first in Spain after the army's coup of 1812, followed by an army insurrection in the cause of constitutional monarchy in 1820 in Oporto, Portugal. Both civilian and military conspiracies to use the military to intervene in public affairs, overthrow the current government, and establish a "new" system became common from this time on in Iberian affairs, and such activity was also common in 19th-century Latin America, where Spain and Portugal had former colonies. The Portuguese word for the tendency to have pronunciamentos or golpes is referred to as golpismo. -
12 absolute
юр. прил. окончательно вступивший в силу (о судебном решении, постановлении и т.п.)In relation to the marriage solemnised on the twenty-second day of April 1990 I certify that the decree nisi of dissolution of marriage made by the Court on eighth day of December 2004 became absolute on ninth day of January 2005. — В отношении брака, церемония совершения которого состоялась двадцать второго апреля 1990 года я подтверждаю, что условно-окончательное постановление суда о расторжении брака, вынесенное Судом восьмого декабря 2004 года, стало окончательно вступившим в силу девятого января 2005 года.
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > absolute
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13 decree nisi
юр. решение суда, вступающее в силу с определенного срока, если оно не отменено до этого времени; постановление суда, имеющее неокончательную силу; условно-окончательное предписание судаIn relation to the marriage solemnised on the twenty-second day of April 1990 I certify that the decree nisi of dissolution of marriage made by the Court on eighth day of December 2004 became absolute on ninth day of January 2005. — В отношении брака, церемония совершения которого состоялась двадцать второго апреля 1990 года я подтверждаю, что условно-окончательное постановление суда о расторжении брака, вынесенное Судом восьмого декабря 2004 года, стало окончательно вступившим в силу девятого января 2005 года.
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > decree nisi
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14 decree nisi of dissolution of marriage
юр. судебное постановление — решение о расторжении брака, вступающее в силу с определенного срока, если оно не отменено до этого срокаIn relation to the marriage solemnised on the twenty-second day of April 1990 I certify that the decree nisi of dissolution of marriage made by the Court on eighth day of December 2004 became absolute on ninth day of January 2005. — В отношении брака, церемония совершения которого состоялась двадцать второго апреля 1990 года я подтверждаю, что условно-окончательное постановление суда о расторжении брака, вынесенное Судом восьмого декабря 2004 года, стало окончательно вступившим в силу девятого января 2005 года.
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > decree nisi of dissolution of marriage
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15 solemnised
прил. торжественно проведенный (о церемонии)In relation to the marriage solemnised on the twenty-second day of April 1990 I certify that the decree nisi of dissolution of marriage made by the Court on eighth day of December 2004 became absolute on ninth day of January 2005. — В отношении брака, церемония совершения которого состоялась двадцать второго апреля 1990 года я подтверждаю, что условно-окончательное постановление суда о расторжении брака, вынесенное Судом восьмого декабря 2004 года, стало окончательно вступившим в силу девятого января 2005 года.
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > solemnised
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